when the surrounding temperature is regularly around freezing point, the performance drops by 20% so a 120 Ah battery is actually a 95 Ah battery (120 Ah x 80%). These are some typical (minimum-maximum) expectations for batteries if used in deep cycle service. We need to learn a bit about amp-hour ratings for thingslike alternators and battery chargers, and about how to size a battery bank to keep all your gearrunning at its peak performance for as long as you need it to.Starting Batteries and Battery RatingsIts important to understand the different ratings used to determine battery capacity andalso to understand that sometimes battery manufacturers will use specifications thatmay do more to confuse you than actually help in making the right choices. We stock all of theIota Engineeringbattery chargers. A battery "cycle" is one complete discharge and recharge cycle. The graph above shows how lifespan is affected by depth of discharge. The acid is typically 30% Sulfuric acid and 70% water at full charge. Capacity is increased at higher temperatures - at 122 degrees F, battery capacity would be about 12% higher. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. Throughout this article we have been considering which battery we would need to power a 5 Amp appliance for 20 hours. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. Many batteries are sealed, and hydrometer reading cannot be taken, so you must rely on voltage. Here is the summary: It is worth knowing that the capacity of all rechargeable batteries decreases with age and deep cycle units are no exception. A few systems use NiCad, but we do not recommend them except in cases where extremely cold temperatures (-50 F or less) are common. Engine starters need a very large starting current for a very short time. It is aVERYpoor idea to buy new batteries and "save" them for later. Previously, Ed was chairman of the Marine Technology Department at the New England Institute of Technology. Age and usage level should be the same as the companion batteries. CA and MCA ratings are at 32 degrees F, while CCA is at zero degrees F. Unfortunately, the only positive way to tell with some batteries is to buy one and cut it open - not much of an option. Note that the voltages whenactually chargingwill be quite different, so do not use these numbers for a battery that is under charge. Once the charging voltage reaches 2.583 volts per cell, charging should stop or be reduced to a trickle charge. In situations where multiple batteries are connected in series, parallel or series/parallel, replacement batteries should be the same size, type, and manufacturer (if possible). In systems that are continually connected to some type charging source, whether it is solar, wind, or an AC powered charger this is seldom a problem. What taper charge really means is that as the battery gets charged up, the voltage goes up, so the amps out of the charger goes down. It can vary to extremes - we have seen L-16's killed in less than a year by severe overcharging and water loss, and we have a large set of surplus telephone batteries that see only occasional (10-15 times per year) heavy service that was just replaced after 35+ years. The problem is that "golf cart" refers to a size of battery case (commonly called GC-2, or T-105), not the type of construction - so the quality and construction of a golf cart battery can vary considerably - ranging from the cheap off brand with thin plates up to true deep cycle brands, such as Crown, Deka, Trojan, etc. It is for this and other reasons that we no longer sell any of the gelled cells except for replacement use. Ed Sherman is a regular contributor to boats.com, as well as to Professional Boatbuilder and Cruising World, where he previously was electronics editor. In order to give us a longer operating life, we increased this to 120 Amp Hours, so it would not completely discharge on each cycle. If it has been left unused for long periods of time, there may well be sulfation on the plates, which will affect its ability to both discharge and recharge. All AGM & gelled are sealed and are "valve regulated", which means that a tiny valve keeps a slight positive pressure. If it has been completely discharged on a regular basis, it will be in a far worse condition than one that has, for example, never been below a 30% state of charge. (They are not totally dry - they are actually filled with acid, the plates formed and charged, then the acid is dumped out). And, their capacity decreases while the self-discharge rate increases. You have to be careful when looking at ratings that list how many cycles a battery is rated for unless it also states how far down it is being discharged. This is why we recommend the charge controls and battery chargers listed in the sections above. We have had almost no direct experience with the NiFe (alkaline) batteries, but from what we have learned from others we do not not recommend them. In a recent article on boats.com I talked about amperes in your boats electricalsystem. These type of batteries have all the advantages of gelled, but can take much more abuse. AGM's have a very low self-discharge - from 1% to 3% per month is usual. boats.com is part of the Boats Group Network. Starting (sometimes called SLI, for starting, lighting, ignition) batteries are commonly used to start and run engines. Among the regulated chargers, there are the voltage regulated ones, such as Iota Engineering, PowerMax, and others, which keep a constant regulated voltage on the batteries.
Another problem is that they are very inefficient - you lose anywhere from 30 to 40% in heat just by charging and discharging them. As chemicals in the battery change, electrical energy is stored or released. NiCads are also inefficient - typically around 65% - and very expensive. The Concorde AGM's are .115", The Rolls-Surrette L-16 type (CH460) is .150", and the US Battery and Trojan L-16 types are .090". The Peukert value is directly related to the internal resistance of the battery. At 32F (0C), amp hours drop by 20%, at -22F (-27C), the decrease is 50%. Usually older batteries need to be watered more often. VIDEO How a zinc-carbon battery is made, VIDEO How an alkaline based battery is made, VIDEO How a nickel based battery is made. Thicker plates are directly related to longer life, so other things being equal, the battery with the thickest plates will last the longest. Generally, new AGM batteries have the lowest, and old industrial (Lead-Antimony plates) are the highest. SimpliPhi SPHI-B-4.9 4.9kWh 48 Volt Lithium Ferro Phosphate Battery, Crown CR-430 6V 430Ah Flooded Lead Acid Battery, Discover Helios 46-24-1540 Lithium 24V 30Ah Energy Storage System Battery, Discover Helios 46-48-1540 Lithium 48V 30Ah Energy Storage System Battery, Fortress Power eVault Max 18.5 kWh Lithium Ferro Phosphate Battery, Simpliphi PHI-3.8-24-60-M 3.8kWh 24 Volt Lithium Ferro Phosphate Battery With Metal Case, Simpliphi PHI-3.8-48-60-M 3.8kWh 48 Volt Lithium Ferro Phosphate Battery With Metal Case, Relion RB300-LT Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Low Temperature Battery 12V 300Ah, Relion RB52-LT Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Low Temperature Battery 12V 50Ah, Discover DLB-GC12-24V Lithium Blue 24V 100Ah Battery With BMS & Bluetooth, Discover DLB-GC12-12V Lithium Blue 12V 200Ah Battery With BMS & Bluetooth, Discover DLB-G24-24V Lithium Blue 24V 45Ah Battery With BMS & Bluetooth, Discover DLB-G24-12V Lithium Blue 12V 100Ah Battery With BMS & Bluetooth, Discover DLP-GC2-48V Lithium Pro 48V 30Ah Battery With BMS, Discover DLP-GC2-36V Lithium Pro 36V 30Ah Battery With BMS, Discover DLP-GC2-24V Lithium Pro 24V 60Ah Battery With BMS, Discover DLP-GC2-12V Lithium Pro 12V 120Ah Battery With BMS, Universal Battery 40596 26 Amp-hour 12 Volt Sealed AGM Battery, Universal Battery 40598 26 Amp-hour 12 Volt Sealed AGM Battery, Universal Battery D5747 26 Amp-hour 12 Volt Sealed AGM Battery, Universal Battery 40582 22 Amp-hour 12 Volt Sealed AGM Battery, Discover AES 2.92kWh 12VDC LiFePO4 Lithium Battery, Universal Battery 45570 18 Amp-hour 12 Volt Sealed AGM Battery, Universal Battery D5745 18 Amp-hour 12 Volt Sealed AGM Battery, Universal Battery 40658 15 Amp-hour 12 Volt Sealed AGM Battery, Universal Battery 40842 12 Amp-hour 12 Volt Sealed AGM Battery, Universal Battery D5744 12 Amp-hour 12 Volt Sealed AGM Battery, Universal Battery D5798 9 Amp-hour 4 Volt Sealed AGM Battery, Universal Battery 40756 9 Amp-hour 12 Volt Sealed AGM Battery, Universal Battery 40748 9 Amp-hour 12 Volt Sealed AGM Battery, Universal Battery D5779 8 Amp-hour 12 Volt Sealed AGM Battery, Universal Battery D5777 5 Amp-hour 12 Volt Sealed AGM Battery, Universal Battery D2790 2 Amp-hour 12 Volt Sealed AGM Battery, Universal Battery D5778 12 Amp-hours 6 Volts Sealed AGM Battery, Universal Battery 45980 55 Amp-hour 12 Volt Sealed AGM Battery, Universal Battery 40740 55 Amp-hours 12 Volt Sealed AGM Battery, Universal Battery 45825 55 Amp-hours 12 Volt Sealed AGM Battery, Universal Battery 40575 13 Amp-hours 6 Volt Sealed AGM Battery, Universal Battery D5736 12 Amp-hours 6 Volts Sealed AGM Battery, Universal Battery 45797 200 Amp-hour 2 Volt I8 Sealed AGM Battery, Universal Battery 45798 300 Amp-hour 2 Volt I8 Sealed AGM Battery, Discover AES 2.92kWh / 48VDC LiFePO4 Solar Stationary Battery, Universal Battery 45979 50 Amp-hours 12V I6 AGM Sealed Battery, Universal Battery 40648 18 Amp-hours 12V F2 AGM Sealed Battery, Universal Battery 40672 15 Amp-hours 12V F2 AGM Sealed Battery, Universal Battery D5775 12 Amp-hours 12V F2 AGM Sealed Battery, Universal Battery 40560 42 Amp-hour 6V F2 AGM Sealed Battery, Universal Battery 40503 60 Amp-hour 12V AGM Sealed Battery, Universal Battery 45968 200 Amp-hour 8 Volt I8 AGM Sealed Golf Cart Battery, Universal Battery D5737 12 Amp-hours 6 Volt P2 Wire Lead AGM Battery. Since all the electrolyte (acid) is contained in the glass mats, they cannot spill, even if broken. The best thing - if you buy them, use them. Automotive batteries will generally fail after 30-150 deep cycles if deep cycled, while they may last for thousands of cycles in normal starting use (2-5% discharge). This may occur several hundred times per minute. Much of this loss of efficiency is due to higher internal resistance at higher amperage rates - internal resistance is not a constant - kind of like "the more you push, the more it pushes back". Obviously, there are some practical limitations on this - you don't usually want to have a 5 ton pile of batteries sitting there just to reduce the DOD. Industrial batteries are usually designated by a part number such as "FS" for floor sweeper, or "GC" for golf cart. With modern engines with fuel injection and electronic ignition, it generally takes much less battery power to crank and start them, so raw cranking amps is less important than it used to be. The golf cart battery is quite popular for small systems and RV's. In leisure applications, this is often inevitable yachts, for example, can be cold, especially at night when far from shore and this is the exact time the battery is needed. If a battery is discharged to 50% every day, it will last about twice as long as if it is cycled to 80% DOD. Some models even have completely different plate designs to add even greater strength. Lead-Antimony (such as forklift and floor scrubber) batteries have a much higher self-discharge rate (2-10% per week) than Lead or Lead-Calcium (1-5% per month), but the Antimony improves the mechanical strength of the plates, which is an important factor in electric vehicles. The positive (+) plate is what gets eaten away gradually over time, so eventually there is nothing left - it all falls to the bottom as sediment. Typical efficiency in a lead-acid battery is 85-95%, in alkaline and NiCad battery it is about 65%. In many installations, where the batteries are set in an area where you don't have to worry about fumes or leakage, a standard or industrial deep cycle is a better economic choice. This means that it is discharged down to 10.5 volts over a 20 hour period while the total actual amp-hours it supplies is measured. The Antimony increases plate life at the expense of higher self discharge. Most industrial (fork lift) deep-cycle batteries use Lead-Antimony plates rather than the Lead-Calcium used in AGM or gelled deep-cycle batteries and in automotive starting batteries. Some of the various brands and models that we use and recommend are listed below. This includes the standard flooded batteries, gelled, and sealed AGM.
Here well cover the steps you can follow to find the right battery for your needs.
All deep cycle batteries are rated in amp-hours. Most better inverters commonly used in solar electric systems can be set to limit charging current to the batteries. Most smaller deep cycle batteries (including AGM) use Lead-Calcium plates for increased life, while most industrial and forklift batteries use Lead-Antimony for greater plate strength to withstand shock and vibration. This gives a very large surface area, but if deep cycled, this sponge will quickly be consumed and fall to the bottom of the cells. This is a charge that is about 10% higher than normal full charge voltage, and is applied for about 2 to 16 hours. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. How to Buy a Boat: Tips for a First Time Buyer, Top 10 New Fishing Boats for Under $20,000, What Type is Right for You? (Video of What makes a Deep Cycle Battery Different with Transcript). They can vary considerably, depending on age, usage, care, and type. The recombining is typically 99+% efficient, so almost no water is lost. While plate thickness is not the only factor in how many deep cycles a battery can take before it dies, it is the most important one. Telephone (float): 2-20 years. If you look at the fine print, it has that rating only at 5% DOD - it is much less when used in an application where they are cycled deeper on a regular basis. When using a small solar panel to keep afloat (maintenance) charge on a battery (without using a charge controller), choose a panel that will give a maximum output of about 1/300th to 1/1000th of the amp-hour capacity. Meters for Amps (from the panels) and battery Volts are optional with most types. The one issue that Peukerts Law (see above) does not take into account is temperature, it assumes temperature will be around 77F (25C). Unfortunately, battery performance significantly declines in colder conditions. When you first buy a new set of flooded (wet) batteries, you should fully charge and equalize them, and then take a hydrometer reading for future reference. In the hybrid, the plates may be composed of Lead sponge, but it is coarser and heavier than that used in starting batteries. How fast can a Sealed Lead Acid rechargeable battery charge? We don't have a lot of data. Lead-Acid batteries do NOT have a memory, and the rumor that they should be fully discharged to avoid this "memory" is totally false and will lead to early battery failure. Some charge controls have temperature compensation built in (such as Morningstar) - this works fine if the controller is subject to the same temperatures as the batteries. This tends to even out in most systems - they will spend part of their life at higher temperatures, and part at lower. If your batteries spend part of the year shivering in the cold, the reduced capacity has to be taken into account when sizing the system batteries. If cycled only 10% DOD, it will last about 5 times as long as one cycled to 50%. It is lead acid batteries than can be cranking (designed to deliver short bursts of high energy) or deep cycle. Battery life is directly related to how deep the battery is cycled each time. Deep Cycle Battery as a Starting Battery? To properly check the voltages, the battery should sit at rest for a few hours, or you should put a small load on it, such as a small automotive bulb, for a few minutes. This is a very fine fiber Boron-Silicate glass mat. For this reason, external (add-on) temperature sensors should be attached to one of the POSITIVE plate terminals, and bundled up a little with some type of insulation on the terminal. Voltages at this stage are typically around 14.2 to 15.5 volts. Regulators for solar systems are designed to keep the batteries charged at peak without overcharging. In general, you get what you pay for. At higher temperatures (over 85 degrees F) this should be reduced to about 2.10 volts per cell. Note that a couple of them are listed as "power trackers" - for a full explanation of this, see our page on "Why 130 watts does not equal 130 watts". Even after over a century of use, they still offer the best price to power ratio. A "float" trickle charge should be maintained on the batteries even if they are not used (or, especially if they are not used).
There is little you can do to check these issues and so buying second hand can be risky. Any battery with the capacity shown in CA or MCA may or may not be a true deep-cycle battery. Specific gravity will be about 1.265 for a fully charged cell, and 1.13 or less for a totally discharged cell.
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