COVERAGE: Plan starts on the date of purchase. It's been just the right size since it's a relatively small bathroom but can still hold quite a bit. 11. Please try again. Would definitely recommend. Their study found positive impacts on agricultural output and shifts in the composition of crops towards more water-intensive ones that increased farmers incomes. With a less-expensive source of energy than diesel-pump owners, electric-pump owners can allocate more land to rice during the monsoon period in the presence of rainfall uncertainty. We find that electric-pump ownership increased agricultural outputs both at the extensive and intensive margins in both seasons. The estimated effects of electric-pump ownership on cropping patterns, rice yields, and value-added, irrigation for rice production, and water sales are presented in Tables 36, respectively. Our results suggest that relaxing the permit-requirement and providing a one-time fixed-cost subsidy in West Bengal were justified on a welfare basis. Propensity scores were estimated using a logit model in which the dependent variable is an indicator of whether the farm has an electric pump. The results are replicated for three different samples. It also analyzed reviews to verify trustworthiness. We will send you an Amazon e-gift card for the purchase price of your covered product. Only wish it had a magnet closure, but so far, it seems to stay closed all on its own. In the long term, fixed cost subsidies may also mediate the risk of depleting groundwater resources, which energy tariff subsidies are less likely to do. There was a problem completing your request. Alternate matching methods (first nearest neighbour, kernel matching, radius matching) with different calipers (from 0.01 to 0.2) yielded similar results and the sensitivity analysis is presented in Supplementary Appendix Figure A.1. These regression estimates are as expected. Results of the logit prediction models and tests of conditional independence, common support, and balancing for these sub-samples are similar to those for the pooled sample and are available from the authors upon request. The following observable household/farm characteristics were included as predictors: the area of land cultivated; a productive asset index constructed using principal component analysis6; the proportion of household members involved in agriculture; information on the household head (age, education, religion, and caste) and on the number of household members; a wealth asset index constructed using principal component analysis7; an indicator of whether the household has any off-farm sources of income; village level pre- and post-monsoon groundwater depth; status as a semi-critical block (vs. being a safe block); presence of electricity connections for domestic purposes; the difference between the blocks actual SOD measured in 2009 and the 90 per cent SOD threshold; and the difference between the 20 cm threshold in the decline in groundwater depth and the blocks actual pre- and post-monsoon measured declines, respectively. You will need a hammer and a screwdriver. The standardised percentage bias is the difference of the sample means in the electric-pump owners and counterfactual sub-samples as a percentage of the square root of the average of the sample variances in the two groups (Rosenbaum & Rubin, 1985). 1. Moreover, electric pump owners provided irrigation water to a greater number of non-pump-owning farmers than diesel pump owners did, though there was little difference in the size of the total irrigated areas, suggesting that electric-pump owners sold water to farmers with smaller land holdings than diesel-pump owners did.
Water sellers provided information on their services and on the contractual arrangements they made for each of the irrigated crops.
Effects of electric-pump ownership on rice yields and value-added, Table 5. I really wish this would have worked for my intended purpose because these are really nice. We also examine whether electric pump-owners provide greater access to irrigation services through water sales. There is, however, a discrete, and exogenous, difference in the transaction costs of acquiring an electricity connection between safe and semi-critical blocks which likely affects new electric-pump ownership but not on-farm outcomes. Table 3. The alternative is for farmers to use small fuel pumps that are powered by unsubsidised diesel. 6. In total, 33 blocks were purposively selected, 20 of which were safe and 13 of which were semi-critical (Figure 4). For logistical reasons, information on inputs and output quantities and costs was only collected for the plot with the easiest access to irrigation. Effects of electric-pump ownership on cropping patterns, Table 4. Moreover, our analysis suggests that in environments where agricultural growth has slowed and access to irrigation is a limiting factor, electric pumps can improve access to irrigation water for their owners and for smaller farmers who buy water from them. This calculation does not account for the additional income electric pump owners received from water selling (~INR 12,000 more as compared to diesel-pump owners). At the block level, the relaxation of the permit system and the hydrological conditions are not random. Customer Reviews, including Product Star Ratings help customers to learn more about the product and decide whether it is the right product for them. 3. Stages of groundwater development and post-monsoon groundwater decline of administrative blocks in West Bengal, Figure 4. Since SOD and post-monsoon groundwater-decline levels uniquely distinguish safe from semi-critical blocks, these were used for selecting blocks. Coefficients from the logit model were used to estimate propensity scores for each of the households. Using the average farm size in the sample of about 2 acres, additional value-added for electric-pump owners was INR 7,970 per year, which is roughly the magnitude of the one-time fixed cost subsidy provided by the government to reduce the connection costs. Throughout the world, managed usage of water and irrigation of agricultural farmland is essential to raising and harvesting productive crops. I use it to store toiletries in a shared bathroom. 
Reviewed in the United States on August 19, 2019. An increase in energy prices could reduce extraction of groundwater (Pfeiffer & Lin, 2014); but are likely to be contentious in a context where small and marginal farmers dominate the agricultural sector.
Policies such as those pursued by the West Bengal government thus also have pro-poor side effects11 which are important for reviving the agricultural sector in the short term. 10. where Y, T and X are the outcome variable, the pump-ownership variable, and control variables, respectively, as defined above.
Using primary data, we test two specific hypotheses: (a) whether electric pumps affect cropping patterns, yields, value added, and irrigation practices of pump owners, and (b) whether electric pumps benefit non-pump-owners through water sales. Measuring the marginal value of water and elasticity of demand for water in agriculture. Finally, t-test of differences were used to compare the observable characteristics, outcome variables and propensity scores of the electric-pump owners and counterfactual farmers before and after the matching (Supplementary Appendix Table A.3) and standardised percentage bias9 were also plotted (Supplementary Appendix Figure A.3; Imbens & Wooldridge, 2009). Reviewed in the United States on August 9, 2021. This paper examines how access to electric pumps affects the short-run agricultural outcomes of owners, and of water buyers in West Bengal. Takes time to assemble, but worth the price! The political economy of the Indian electricityirrigation nexus, A note on the common support problem in applied evaluation studies, Multiple hypothesis testing in experimental economics, International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), Groundwater markets in Ganga-Meghna-Brahmaputra basin: Theory and evidence, The energy-irrigation nexus and its impact on groundwater markets in eastern Indo-Gangetic basin: Evidence from West Bengal, India, Kick-starting a second green revolution in Bengal, Evaluation of climate change impact on rainfall variation in West Bengal, Slowdown in agricultural growth in Bangladesh: Neither a good description nor a description good to give, Sustaining serendipity? Your question might be answered by sellers, manufacturers, or customers who bought this product. Find answers in product info, Q&As, reviews.
Map of blocks categorisation in 2009 and sample selection. All in all I'm very happy with it, Reviewed in the United States on June 28, 2015. There was an error retrieving your Wish Lists. They didn't serve my purpose, but I wanted to write a review so anyone looking for a good quality organizer may consider this one. You do need to be very careful when putting this together because you might get some stuff in backwards.
Cheap machining of the threads wont even allow me to hook up a fitting. Since multiple outcomes are tested (the probability of committing a Type I error falsely rejecting the null hypothesis increases with the number of outcomes being tested), the family-wise error rate (FEW; that is the probability of one or more false rejections) is used to adjust the p-values. With considerably lower energy costs, electric pumps may enable more non-pump-owning farmers to be served (extensive margin), or more of their land to be irrigated (intensive margin), or both. We work hard to protect your security and privacy. During the growing and harvest seasons, any downtime could lead to lower crop yield. Monsoon rice yields and value added were higher for electric pump owners than diesel pump owners.
To see our price, add these items to your cart. These differences are especially large; in the monsoon season, the average number of irrigations on rice plots is 8.7, and the average total duration is 57hours per acre (Table 1). The survey instrument collected detailed information about households agricultural production and practices over the course of the previous agricultural year. It takes 10 minutes to unload the box and then sort the items and compare the hardware you received to the parts list in the instructions. Notes: Mean difference=Mean difference in outcome between the electric pump owners and the counterfactual group over the common support, weighted by the propensity score for each unit. By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. Unlike variable-cost subsidies that are perpetual and a major financial burden on governments, however, West Bengals permit relaxation and the one-time fixed cost subsidy similarly leveraged significant incomes for the farmers at a relatively low cost to the government. In villages where there were fewer than 15 electric- and diesel-pump-owning households in total, all of these households were selected, and water buyers were randomly selected in order to give a total of 15 households. I think I read one review were they said they assembled it in 10 minutes.
8. *** stands for 1 per cent of significance, ** for 5 per cent and * for 10 per cent.
This was the case for the winter season, and more so for the monsoon season. Some of these items ship sooner than the others.
It probably wouldn't have mattered, but I am a perfectionist and carefully undid it to make it just right.). Are there lasting impacts of aid to poor areas? The color is deep and dark and without any blemish. I really dont think I could have done any better for the price. It is common for farmers without pumps to purchase water from pump owners (Mukherji, 2004, reports that 48 per cent of pump owners sold water in 200304).
That is impossible.
Reviewed in the United States on December 4, 2018.
All statistically significant estimates discussed below are also statistically significant when using the multiple adjusted p-values to determine significance. The weighted OLS estimator was applied to the entire sample, not just to the sample with common support from the PSM.
Logit model of electric-pump ownership. Different methods were used to calculate the adjusted p-values (Supplementary Appendix Table A.4).
Nonetheless, electricity is still less expensive than diesel in West Bengal the fuel cost of using a five-horsepower diesel pump was around INR 41/hour in 2013, while that of a similar powered electric pump was around INR 26/hour during the day and only INR 7/hour at night.3 In addition, electric pumps require less maintenance and are more efficient, and thus have lower overall energy costs. Case of deteriorating groundwater irrigation in Tamil Nadu, Can analytic narrative inform policy change? Once it was secured to the wall it straightened up a bit. An error occurred when processing your request. Perfect For Small Ponds, Pools, Farm And Industrial Applications, Copyright 2016 Infinity Source Inc. Design By, ALUMINUM 1/2 HP ELECTRIC WATER PUMP POOL FARM POND Centrifugal BioDiesel, Charging & Starting, Auto Electrical System, In-line fans, Duct, Filter, Ventilation tool kits, Reversible Dirt Vibratory Plate Compactor 420cc Gas Power Engine for Dirt Soil, 1/4" to 2-5/8" O.D.
This design controls for block-level features that may drive differences in irrigated agricultural outcomes. The quality of these shocked me! Hydrological conditions that might influence agricultural outcomes such as cropping choices, yields, value-added, and irrigation decisions are likely to be quasi-random just around the threshold that separates safe from semi-critical blocks. While the average cropping intensity (gross cropped area/net sown area) of 195.1 per cent in the pooled sample (Table 1) indicates that farmers in West Bengal generally used their plots twice a year for production, electric-pump owners used their land 13 percentage points more than diesel-pump owners, and 27 percentage points more than water buyers (Table 3).
9. A long-term decline is defined as groundwater levels falling by at least 20 cm per year on average over the previous 10 years. Make sure to read the instructions thoroughly because I messed up at one point (when putting the back on, I put it facing the wrong way. As the average water buyer cultivated less area, owned fewer plots, and irrigated a smaller share of land compared to pump owners (Table 7), electric-pump owners sold water to more farmers with smaller holdings than diesel-pump owners did. Asurion will also email your plan confirmation with Terms & Conditions to the address associated with your Amazon account within 24 hours of purchase (if you do not see this email, please check your spam folder). There are no subsidies for the purchase of pumps. While groundwater use likely needs to increase in West Bengal, its abstraction needs to be rationalised in the western parts of India where groundwater levels are rapidly falling. I included photos of how much I can store in it. Additionally, MWI can offer on-site maintenance, emergency repair, and rehabilitation services on our agricultural water pumps to keep you up and running quickly. Effects of electric-pump ownership on water sales. Please try your search again later. These households resided in 93 villages that were located in blocks which were purposively selected from administrative units that the Government of India categorised as safe and semi-critical in terms of groundwater development and recharge. Our payment security system encrypts your information during transmission. We, therefore, do not expect our results to be driven by mitigation strategies linked to major climatic shocks (Rosenzweig & Udry, 2020). Farmers with better outcomes may be more likely to acquire electric pumps, biasing the observed relationship between electric-pump ownership and these outcomes.
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