co2 emissions steel production per tonne

20 years of carbon capture and storage.

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 44, 447458. #views-exposed-form-resource-library2-page #edit-combine-wrapper .views-widget mehrdad clean50 Physical properties: Physical properties (such as mechanical strength, etc.) #block-views-podcast-search2-block ul.views-view-grid li .group-left { #block-views-podcast-search2-block ul.views-view-grid li:nth-child(2n+1) {

margin-bottom: 3em; { https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/08/f54/fcto-h2-scale-kickoff-2018-8-chevrier.pdf, Compare your country. In contrast, studies of. Goodbye to carbon neutral: Getting biomass footprints right. padding-left: 0; Similar to hydrogen injection analysis results, biomass substitution has higher decarbonization potential associated with DRI-based pathways compared to BF-BOF and involves the same displacement fuel and higher have the lowest cost and lowest footprint compared to the other biomass feedstock substitution today (in part due to residual or waste biomass use). padding: 0.5em; Using hydrogen to decarbonize BF-BOF steelmaking would consume the same amount of hydrogen and all hydrogen production must be low-carbon (e.g., blue or green). It is also an enormous source of greenhouse gases: todays iron and steel industry generates roughly 6% of global CO2 emissions (see table 2). Calculations are based on MIDREX's actual plant data at Cleveland-cliffs [(Chevrier, 2018)]. Center on Global Energy Policy. Using HYBRIT Technology. The high-DRI substitution case would require 1010 TWh additional generation roughly the same as all of Japan. #views-exposed-form-resource-library2-page #edit-field-author-name-value-wrapper { IEA. Table 13. MIDREX DRI plants lack standalone CCS examples [(Santos, 2014)]. Life cycle assessment of biomass densification systems. background-color: #E2E2E2; border-radius: 0; #block-views-exp-event-search2-block .views-submit-button, #block-views-exp-event-search2-block-1 .views-submit-button { display: none; https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fuels-higher-calorific-values-d_169.html, EPA. We assume that biofuels such as charcoal only replace feed-coal and assume 100% replacement rate (table 9). (2011). } display: block; The DRI-EAF combination allows for higher electrification and lower emission if low-carbon feedstocks and electricity are used. In Japan and Korea, no local supplies exist, prompting similar concerns [(ICEF, 2020)]. @media screen and (max-width: 899px) { flex-direction: column-reverse; display: none; Nature, 479, 353356. (2020). (2019). float: left; .channel-4779 .node-podcast-episode.view-mode-banner .group-left .cee { As many have documented, biomass must be grown, harvested, processed and transported with minimal life-cycle CO2 emission for it to achieve substantial CO2 reductions through fossil fuel substitution [(DOE, 2016)] and some biomass has a documented low life-cycle carbon footprint under the correct operational circumstances. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 5, 4355. (2019).

Higher substitution rates of 50% of global steel production would directly reduce 17% carbon emission. #block-views-exp-resource-library2-page .advanced-filters .clicked .views-widget { Although many different approaches have been proposed to achieve deep decarbonization for steelmaking, significant amount of fossil fuel remain in use today and for the foreseeable future. // Click Action For Accordions float: right; This project provides a clear example of how other gas-based DRI plants might be decarbonized. The European energy crisis, aggravated by the Russian invasion of Ukraine, amplifies the tension between climate mitigation action and energy affordability.

(2020, December 28). Using these data and production scenarios, we assess multiple decarbonization options applied to existing facilities/pathways, including H2, biomass, top-gas CCS, and zero-carbon electricity. https://www.bioboost.eu/uploads/files/bioboost_d1.1-syncom_feedstock_cost-vers_1.0-final.pdf, Kuramochi, T. (2011). } Gernaat et al. These could include revenue enhancements, such as grants, feed-in tariffs, and contracts for differences, or capital treatments, such as tax credits. } If the cost is represented by a range of values, it represents the lowest/highest range of costs. border: none; Simulations showing that the energetic state is not changed significantly if only auxiliary reducing gas is replaced when operating with H2 relative to the reference case using pulverized coal, suggesting minor BF retrofit requirement and universal application potential. flex-flow: row wrap; Vogl, V., Ahman, M., & Nilsson, L. (2018).

For BF raw materials, we compare five replacement options: coking coal, pulverized coal, nut coke, coking plant residues, and sintering solid fuel. For this study, blue H2 is selected to be steam methane reforming (SMR) + 89% CCS production. position: relative; Raw material inputs to the BF base model are shown in table 6. Oxygen blast and CCS retrofit is the prerequisite to recycle the top-gas and therefore subjected to additional capital cost. For the chemistry of DRI production, hydrogen can substitute for natural gas at a volume ratio of 3:1 (3 m3 of hydrogen would replace 1 m3 of methane). Figures 13 and 14 demonstrate the dilemma of steelmaking decarbonization and why the sector is hard-to-abate: cost effective ways approaches are limited in potential and adoption of high decarbonization options would lead to high cost burdens for producers. Another study [(Antonini et al., 2020)] found hydrogen production from biomethane with CCS will lead to net negative emissions in all invested cases, showing promising greenhouse gas reduction potential. Midrex. } Hydrogen production from natural gas and biomethane with carbon capture and storage A techno-environmental analysis. To date, there has been no example of retrofitting and existing BOF-BF plant for CCUS. margin-bottom: 6em; #block-views-podcast-search2-block #views-exposed-form-podcast-search2-block label { Hydrogen Europe [(Hydrogen Europe, 2017)] also summarized projects adopting hydrogen for steel making (e.g., SALCOS project, HYBRIT projects), all focusing on DRI replacing BF to adopt more hydrogen injection potentials. https://materialeconomics.com/publications/the-circular-economy-a-powerful-force-for-climate-mitigation-1, Mathieson, J. G., Rogers, H., Somerville, M. A., Jahanshahi, S., & Ridgeway, P. (2011).

First in fossil-free steel. Hydrogen uses in ironmaking. Blue H2 provides the best current substitution option for natural gas in DRI production, which is reliable, technically available, and relatively low in cost for most markets (see CCS retrofit DRI below). Biomass is represented by ranges since the cost assumption is greatly different for: feedstocks, regions, land use and etc. Techno-economic study of an integrated steelworks equipped with oxygen blast furnace and CO2 capture.

The inherent difficulty of steel decarbonization will require innovation in policy and market design that embrace multiple options and possibly all options. Emissions Gap Report 2019. https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2019. background-color: #3488ca; Replacing all BF-BOF steel production (1279 million tons/y) with MOE would require 5,116 TWh electricity consumption, almost 20% of 2018 total global electricity consumption (26,700 TWh) [(IEA electricity, 2020)].

} One can correct the emission of blue hydrogen by using the multiplier in Table A.4. (2020). It has long been understood that CO2 could be captured from an existing or new steel plant and stored indefinitely underground [(IPCC, 2005)][ (IEA, 2016)]. z-index: 1; Table 12. Energy Procedia, 37, 7139 7151. min-height: unset; Woody Biomass Factsheet WB4 Pyrolysis of Woody Biomass. Gas-based DRI and coal-based DRI production have the greatest potential to accept different decarbonization technologies: gas-based to hydrogen and coal-based to biomass and CCS. } Other assumptions that may be applied include (1) zero-carbon electricity supply, (2) ore fines to avoid agglomeration, (3) fine coal to avoid coking. https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-hydrogen, IEA industry. background: url(/sites/default/files/podcast-images/Big%20Switch2.png) no-repeat center center; margin-top: 1.6em; Mehmeti, A., Angelis-Dimakis, A., Arampatzis, G., McPhail, S. J., & Ulgiati, S. (2018). World crude steel production exceeded 1808 million tons in 2018 with a 4.5% growth compared to the 2017 level [(Worldsteel Association, 2019]]. background: url(/sites/default/files/podcast-images/Final-Columbia-Energy-Exchange-Cover-Art-01.png) no-repeat center center; } Unsurprisingly, existing BF have operational requirements and designs that limit higher H2 substitution and full H2 operation [(Lyu et al., 2017)]. [(Gernaat et al., 2017)] have estimated the new low-cost hydropower potential to be 5,670 TWh/yr, mostly in South America, Africa, and the Asia-Pacific region. https://www.iea.org/reports/20-years-of-carbon-capture-and-storage, IEA. Integrated BF-BOF operations (figure 3) include pelleting, sintering, coking, and iron making (in BF) plus steelmaking (in BOF). The project aimed to build new BOF-BF systems in Michigan and Ohio integrated with carbon capture systems but has not reached final investment decision [(GCCSI, 2017)]. Development of low-carbon production standards as a regulatory driver, matches with border tariffs to avoid leakage and offshoring of jobs and industry. These policies will have implications for labor, trade, security, and climate, requiring care in construction. Finding 1: Multiple approaches exist today to decarbonize existing iron & steel production. We consider the possibility of biomass substitution both in the main reduction reaction process in the blast furnace and heating fuel substitution, excluding subsequent processes such as exhaust gas treatment or heat recovery and utilization. [(Babich et al., 2010)], Finnish research suggests that although the replacement rate of biomass coke in the blast furnace can only reach about 25%, it may still be economically feasible considering future coke prices and pollutant emissions. The core issue of decarbonizing it is not lack of technological solutions but that these solutions carry high abatement costs which directly affects market share, trade, and labor. Friedmann, J. Second, batch operation yields intermittent and discontinuous duty cycles causing power quality problems for transmission and generation [(Seker et al., 2017)].

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We examine technical options in terms of cost, viability, readiness, and ability to scale. Pal, P., Gupta, H., & Kapur, D. (2016). Air-blown BF with CCS (BF-CCS) has lower CO2 avoidance potential (rates of 0.33~0.36 ton-CO2/ton-HM, equivalent to 15%~17% capture rate). Since the reduction of iron ore in a blast furnace is entirely dependent on the carbon provided mainly by coal and coke, biomass energy is recognized as a potential alternative for its potentially sustainable carbon content and under the right circumstances solid biofuels can substitute readily into conventional feed systems, exhibiting key physical properties (i.e. While promising, novel processes such as these are outside the scope of this study, which focuses on existing facility decarbonization, and only discussed cursorily. .page-our-work-resource-library2 #main-content { Material Economics. Influence of direct reduced iron on the energy balance of the electric arc furnace in steel industry. Environments, 5(2), 24. 2018 World Direct Reduction Statistics. Different geographies, economies, and infrastructure will determine the cost and viability of these applications. These seven findings prompt a set of conclusions for investigators, policy makers, and potential investors in steel production and in steel decarbonization. Johnson, E. (2009). padding-top: 0px; International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 5(1), Pages 49-60. 522 (gas-based) [(Holling and Gellert, 2018)][ (Dey et al., 2015)], 313 (gas-based DRI) [(Hasanbeigi et al., 2011)], 1857* (Electricity emission: 246 kgCO2/ton-HM, 13.3%), References: [(Orth et al., 2007)] [(Hasanbeigi et al., 2011)] [(EIA, 2019)] [(EPA, 2012)][ (Holling and Gellert, 2018)][(Dey et al., 2015)][ (Barati, 2010)]. Higher penetration of electricity would require growth of electric loads reflecting the energy flux requirements of production in short, requiring additional zero-carbon electricity generation. To provide the additional load MOE would require, the worlds current hydropower generation would have to increase more than 120%. } -ms-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; This study focuses on the full process decarbonization of steel making, including the three primary/secondary processes discussed above and any necessary pretreatments (such as sintering and coking in BF-BOF production) to produce hot HM[1]. https://www.iea.org/articles/the-challenge-of-reaching-zero-emissions-in-heavy-industry, IPCC. Additional cost due to transportation would occur addition cost. But if if considering GWP at 20 years basis (GWP20), the LCA including upstream methane leakage emission will be 4.1~6.1 times of original 89% CCS SMR blue H2, equivalent to 44%~65.4% of SMR direct emission. Biomass feedstocks are never truly carbon neutral. Multiple novel technologies under development show great potential to replace the dominant steel production pathways in the far future but not yet commercially available. Carbon footprint of biomass is specifically and detailed discussed in the biomass section due to its complexity. border: none; The clean hydrogen future has already begun. An integrated BF-BOF production plant also include process plants for coking, pelletizing, sinter, finishing, and associated power production. } Blue (brown/gray) hydrogen carbon footprint is underestimated comparing with green hydrogen since it has much smaller boundary. } In practice, land-use changes (LUC) and full life-cycle analysis (LCA) reveal that the carbon footprint can vary dramatically and is rarely carbon negative [(Campbell et al., 2018)]. As the dominant technology for primary steelmaking, BF-BOF route produced 71% of global crude steel production, over 1279 million tons in 2018 [(Worldsteel Association, 2019]]. color: #97D8F9;

The results show that using biomass-based reducing agents produced from torrefaction have the best operational properties. *[ (Midrex, 2019)], from 2018 data, the conversion rate of DRI to crude steel is assumed 90%. { The Al Reyadah [(CSLForum, 2020)][ (Sakaria, 2017)] plant uses SMR for syngas production and then feed it as reducing gas to a HYL DRI plant for sponge iron production. opacity: 1; As shown in table 2, DRI-EAF plants are much less carbon intensive than traditional BF-BOF route, and deep electrification via DRI-EAF replacement in table 11 could significantly reduce carbon emission from steelmaking in two ways: DRI-EAF is technically available and could play an essential role for decarbonizing steelmaking industry. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-12/documents/ironsteel.pdf, EPA. margin-right: 60px; margin-top: 8px; .page-our-work-resource-library2 .sidebars .block { Effect of hydrogen addition on reduction behavior of iron oxides in gas-injection blast furnace. IEA. High-quality solid fuels are essential in BF iron making, and many common biomass fuels do not meet the required standards. Direct reduced iron to electric arc furnace (DRI-EAF) production is 5% and growing, it appears to have better decarbonization potential to move towards net-zero. It appears that coal-based DRI production (i.e., India, Malaysia) can accept 100% biomass substitution and can tolerate a wide range of feedstocks: straw, normal charcoal, and bamboo charcoal. background-size: cover; (2016). As such, solid biomass options for steel decarbonization (and many other low-carbon applications) must be very carefully assessed, curated, managed, and regulated from a carbon footprint perspective to avoid counterproductive results [(Tanzer et al., 2020)]. For example, the 25% DRI growth-substitution case requires 450 TWh of zero-carbon electricity additional annual generation to supply the new DRI-EAF systems roughly the same as all France (table 12). (2018). The prices of the used natural gas 0.1223 $/Nm3 and H2 prices from table 3. #views-exposed-form-resource-library2-page #edit-title-wrapper label { transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; (2020). padding: .5em 1em 0 0; In this scenario, secondary EAF-steel in the total steelmaking profile maintains the same share and role, limited to scrap recycling and scrap feedstock. top: 0; Analysis reveals that a BECCS retrofit could reduce an existing facility~80% but still could not achieve a carbon-negative (CO2 removal) footprint.

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