This is a sheet of paper In your article, "How DECORATIVE PLASTIC LAMINATE " is made ? Even a slight deviation of the dcor paper pH from a neutral value (7.0 0.1) might significantly impinge on the reactivity and curing degree of the impregnated paper by accelerating or decelerating the polymerization reactions of these resins. Coatings Technol. The ashes were obtained by igniting the two printed dcor papers at 900 C, and the corresponding results are shown in Fig. Determination of roughness/smoothness for paper and boardusing the Print-surf method, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. The clear layer and the decorative Although an extremely thin layer of ink was printed on the paper during gravure printing, the ink-related absorption frequencies in the ATR spectrum of the Walnut printed paper were weaker and relatively fewer compared to that of the Latin Walnut paper. The FT-IR characteristic bands at 1257 cm-1, 1326 cm-1, and 1448 cm-1 were only observed in the ATR spectrum of the Latin Walnut printed paper, and were assigned to aryl-O bond stretching, aryl sulphone bond stretching, and C-H bending in the molecular structure of the organic printing ink components, namely the organic pigments and binders, respectively. 2002). Metal-based pigments used in decorative papers As clearly shown, the molecules of alkoxysilane were subjected to the hydrolysis reaction with atmospheric moisture or water adsorbed on the surface to form silanols. radio exterior. a flat laminate sheet made from Bakelite and paper. Therefore, it was expected that the dcor paper ash would have titanium dioxide as the main component. Determination of bursting strength for paper and board, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2011.02.008. Podhajny, M. R. (2004). Some interesting results were achieved by this analysis. DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.06.018. First, from the point of view of the dcor paper chemical characteristics, specifically hot extract pH in this study, and second, from the viewpoint of the printed paper surface chemistry. Determination of thickness, density and specific volume for paper and board, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. an open structure (less cross-linked) and a ring or network structure (highly cross-linked). (2012). Formica and Design: From the Counter Top to High Art. Therefore, the number of stations that the paper passed through or the number of colors which were used for printing gave rise to differences in the amount of ink that was transferred onto the paper. In this respect, the role of the adhesion promoter additives in improving the adhesion of coatings in the ink composition should be taken into consideration. This might be explained as due to the fact that titanium dioxide particles generally escape the FT-IR analysis (Gorassini et al. printed with the color or design that will show through the clear top The resin helps to make these surfaces harder, stiffer and better at resisting scratches and wear and tear. 7. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.02.022, Chiang, T. C., Hamdan, S., and Osman, M. S. (2016). Part A-Appl. Our decor papers are highly resistant to moisture, which allows them to pass smoothly through the impregnating plant. bonded to a building material such as plywood, flakeboard, fiberboard, Kraft paper is the Another interesting observation, with respect to the ashes, was their colors. The material was resistant to It should be mentioned that a weak broad peak at approximately 3280 cm-1 was also revealed in each spectrum, which might have been attributed to the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the functional groups of the pre-polymers, including CH2OH, NH, and NH2, and the by-products of the condensation reaction, such as water and free formaldehyde (Zorba et al. One of the most fundamental surface phenomena is adhesion, which is often used as a criterion to determine the durability and performance of the coatings. August 1988, p. 25+. The UF-saturated Walnut paper tended to be less flexible compared to the saturated Latin Walnut paper. It should be noted that these findings properly supported the results of previous studies, which reported that the ATR FT-IR absorption bands associated with the functional groups of printing ink organic constituents could be predominantly detected in the wavenumber region of 1200 cm-1 to 1600 cm-1 (Vikman and Sipi 2003; Bouchard et al. When it comes to dcor paper, we work with a network of well-respected suppliers who operate on the mainland and in Special Economic Zones (SEZs) of China offering design, cylinder manufacture and dcor paper production services. Walnut (A) and Latin Walnut (B) paper ashes obtained at 900 C, Surface morphology characterization of the UF-saturated paper by optical microscope. Customer either selects an existing paper and pattern from our own catalogue, or provides a sample, image or specification of the paper they require. Mater. Baekeland condensed phenol and formaldehyde to produce the 2 The resin-impregnated sheets are then put into a drying chamber. How decorative foils, low pressure laminates and high pressure laminate are produced, in: Proceedings of TAPPI Plastic Laminates Symposium, Atlanta, GA. Materne, T., de Buyl, F., and Witucki, G. L. (2005). Preliminarily, MF resin has been applied to paper treating and manufacture of decorative laminates in a one-stage impregnation process. 2005). Polym. Bardak, S., Sar, B., Nemli, G., Krc, H., and Baharolu, M. (2011). Herit. As Fig. Where required, Comtrads own quality personnel can monitor production and testing during pilot production or on an on-going basis. The leading The ATR FT-IR spectroscopy was also performed for the UF-saturated paper samples on the printed side only to detect the chemical changes of the paper surface during the UF saturation stage. Sathyanarayana, M. N., and Yaseen, M. (1995). However, the appearance of a relatively small band at 1379 cm-1 suggested that a mild condensation reaction occurred among monomers of the UF resin when the saturated dcor paper was subjected to drying in the first stage of the impregnation process. Quality control at the end of the production process. DOI: 10.1002/app.25343, Zorba, T., Papadopoulou, E., Hatjiissaak, A., Paraskevopoulos, K. M., and Chrissafis, K. (2008). These alpha cellulose-based papers are known as the exclusive base print papers, to which various patterns are applied using gravure printing processes. Determination of tensile properties for paper and board using elongation method, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Packaging and transportation are carried out in accordance with Arpa General Processing Recommendations. Open Innovation for interior design.Made in Italy.Since 1954, Arpa designs and produces high quality surfaces and materials for interior design. Faber called the new Kotelnikova, N. E., and Mikhailidi, A. M. (2011).
products. In the second stage, the UF-saturated dcor paper is coated with MF resin on the top and bottom sides simultaneously by means of two gravure roll coaters, and is precisely dried to a controlled B-stage (partially cured) level using the same ovens (Bardak et al. first totally synthetic plastic, Bakelite. Speak to our experts about your particular needs. Phenolic Surface appearance of the abraded laminates: Walnut (A) and Latin Walnut (B). from this type of resin as well. column scrubbers also reduce particulate emissions into the air. The impregnated kraft and decor paper is stored in appropriated and controlled environment rooms. Schematic representation of a two-stage impregnation line with gravure roll coaters (Adopted from Marshall and Parent (1998); reproduced with permission from TAPPI). It seemed that siloxane bridges formed between the molecules of ink binder and UF resin could enhance the adhesion strength of subsequent MF coatings and could reveal better Taber abrasion resistance performance. InvalidityIn the event that part of these Terms of Use are or become invalid, Arpa and you will continue to be bound by the remaining part. The findings of the present study accentuate the importance of using the organosilane adhesion promoter additive in the formulation of water-based gravure ink used for printing of dcor paper. made with phenolic resin, a polymer of formaldehyde and phenol. A copy of these general Terms and Conditions will be provided free of charge on request. The two Westinghouse manufacturer of plastic laminate has for this reason reduced the use of ISO 1974 (2012). Organosilane Technology in Coating Applications: Review and Perspectives, Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, MI. Chem. They began by impregnating heavy The influence of the lower pH value of the Walnut dcor paper compared to the Latin Walnut paper resulted in a much less flexible UF-saturated Walnut foil, which could have been attributed to the catalytic effect of the low dcor paper pH on the curing reactions of the UF resin. also create a waste problem, as these can be hazardous. 2007). The technical specifications of these resins are given in Tables 3 and 4. Therefore, it was concluded that these results could provide adequate supporting evidence of the contribution of printing ink components to the main differences in the surface chemistry characteristics of the two printed dcor papers in this study. Therefore a double-stage process was developed for this purpose. DOI: 10.1134/S1070427213110268, Chen, X.,Yu, J., Zhang, Z., and Lu, C. (2011). The coatings composition was then formulated by adding different additives to the MF resin. Much thicker laminate sheets (3mm to 30mm thickness) are also manufactured and these are known as compact laminated sheets. Fig. 9. Storage of the decorative and kraft paper. Gorassini, A., Calvini, P., and Baldin, A. (2008). Comparison between SiOC thin films fabricated by using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition and SiO2 thin films by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, J. Korean Phys. The cross-linking reactions of the thermosetting UF and MF resins in the impregnation process take place at an acidic condition (Blank 1979; Xing et al. ISO 5636-5 (2013). Although used laminate is not recyclable, some The two UF-saturated papers were found to have discernible differences in terms of their flexibility. If you have any questions related to our products, the Koehler sales team will be happy to help. In other words, it seemed that, due to the presence of more ink on the Latin Walnut paper surface, a more homogeneous layer of ink might have formed which had led to retaining a greater amount of UF resin on its surface during the saturation stage. brown paper coated with phenolic resin, a second layer of paper decorated Adhesion is obtained when interfacial molecules achieve adsorption and form chemical bonds during wetting. However more studies should be done to gain further understanding on the effect of dcor paper pH on the adhesion strength of the MF coatings in the impregnation process of dcor paper. with the desired pattern, and a third layer of clear sheet. is translucent. We can source any type of dcor paper for you. Paper and laminate residue generated during the manufacturing process are same brown paper used in grocery bags. layers of kraft paper topped with a decorative sheet. heat. The samples, which had a basis weight of approximately 140 gram per square meter (GSM) and volatiles content of approximately 10%, were then cut into 15 cm 15 cm sheets, put into plastic bags, and kept in a refrigerator to prevent any changes in their volatiles content until they were used for the coating purpose. Because these papers are highly absorbent and penetrable, they are able to soak up twice their own weight in resin. 86(11), 1791-1797. Home Mechanix, The mechanism of hydrolysis, condensation, and bonding of organosilanes to a substrate (Materne et al. Fig.
The sanding process makes this surface better suited for adhesion to surfaces. This may be a reasonable explanation for why there were no specific peaks attributable to the inorganic color pigments in the ATR FT-IR spectra of the base dcor papers in this study. Lanxess Corporation (2006). The bottom layers are kraft paper. As was discussed in the results of the FT-IR analysis of the printed dcor papers, it seemed that the chemical bonds and siloxane structures that were formed between the printed paper and the UF resin layer determined the adhesion strength of the subsequent MF resin coatings. Hence, it seemed that such a brittle Walnut saturated foil, which had a surface morphology as displayed in Fig. Decorative plastic laminate sheeting is mode of resins thot react companies have collated old laminates into new sample sets suitable for Both the As was already shown in Fig. 31(6), 412-415. Oh, T., and Choi, C. K. (2010). 45(9), 585592. manufacturing process, the top two layers of paper are impregnated with As shown in Fig. ATR-FTIR spectral analysis of modified UF adhesive, Forestry and Wood Technology 76, 49-53. In 1927, Faber and O'Conor discovered that by adding decorative What is a laminate? The decorative printed paper and the translucent paper is similarly soaked and saturated with the melamine resin. The FT-IR spectra were acquired in absorption mode, over the region of 4000 cm-1 to 400 cm-1 at a spectral resolution of 4 cm-1 using a Nicolet 670 FTIR spectrometer (Thermo Nicolet, Madison, USA). gloss level, pattern fidelity, haptic requirements). Therefore, an absorption peak at 1061 cm-1 associated with the ring siloxane structure was not observed in the FT-IR spectrum of the Walnut paper. By 1921, the laminate manufactured by the Formica ISO 2144 (2015). The resins are laminated onto However, this study could not indicate the specific influence of dcor paper pH on the adhesion strength of the MF coatings in the impregnation process. canvas with Bakelite resin, and by 1913 they had applied for a patent for laminate was popular for soda fountains in the 1930s, and a woodgrain Arpa strongly recommend that customers and third parties have a professional adviser inform them about (the suitability of) the Arpa products for all desired applications and about applicable laws and regulations.Colours used in Arpa's communications (including but not limited to printed matter) and in samples of Arpa's products may differ from the colours of the Arpa products to be supplied.Samples are not intended for use in product tests and are not representative of characteristics of the Arpa products.Arpa's products and samples are produced within the specified colour tolerances and the colours (of production batches) may differ, even if the same colour is used. These designs range from wood and stone patterns all the way to fantasy designs. brand name. (2010). Decorative foils are also used extensively as facing materials for the coating of wood-based panels in the furniture and decoration industries (Hiziroglu 1996; Istek et al. The ring siloxane structure, which was only identified in the FT-IR spectrum of the Latin Walnut dcor paper, was found to have a noticeable contribution in enhancing the adhesion strength of MF coatings, and eventually a better abrasion resistance performance of the Latin Walnut laminate in the Taber abrasion test was achieved. Therefore, it was inferred from the view of polymer chemistry that the cross-linking reactions between the molecules of the UF resin monomers advanced to the partially cured (B stage) level or pre-polymeric state in both of the saturated dcor papers. Org. The laminates were prepared at the same conditions as described in Table 8 and were used for the Taber test to assess the coatings adhesion. The UF and MF resins were impregnation resins purchased by the factory as raw materials for the production of melamine impregnated paper. 6 shows, there was a strong similarity between the FT-IR spectra obtained from the two printed papers in terms of peak positions and intensities. Soc. It is believed that at the interface between the dcor paper and gravure printing ink, the molecules of organosilanes can promote adhesion strength through the formation of Si-O-C bridges between the cellulose and printing ink binder, which act as the substrate and polymeric matrix, respectively (Materne et al. Determination of tearing resistance for paper and boardusing the Elmendorf method, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Depending on the decorative design, the paper might pass through up to 4 stations of the printing machine. Two printed dcor papers, with the commercial names of Latin Ceviz (Latin Walnut) and Ceviz (Walnut), were obtained from Aryak Decor local impregnation factory located in Mahmoodabad, Mazandaran Province, Iran, and are shown in Fig. FT-IR spectra obtained from the printed Latin Walnut and Walnut dcor papers. The UF-saturated paper samples were obtained from the end of the first stage immediately behind the MF coating station in a running two-stage impregnation line. 2012; Caro et al. or metal. 2. Faber and O'Conor left Westinghouse to found their own company in Baekeland's many experiments included impregnating paper with Bakelite resin and then compressing it under molds at high pressure and Laboratory Press Conditions for Preparing Different Laminate Samples, ATR FT-IR analysis of the unprinted (print base) dcor papers. Determination of residue (ash) on ignition of pulps, papers and boards at 900 degrees C, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Wicks, Harry. The coating was applied on the bottom surface first. An optical microscope was used to elucidate whether, in addition to the flexibility, the surface morphology of the UF-saturated samples was also affected by the dcor paper pH. Such modified Terms of Use take effect from the time they are placed on the Website. Standard Test Methods Used for Measuring the Dcor Paper Properties, Table 6. J. 4, the cellulose characteristic peaks of both spectra had shifted in a similar manner. (2016).
switching from solventbased to water-based phenolic resins, the amount of ISO 536 (2012). Istek, A., Aydemir, D., and Aksu, S. (2010). The Calibrase CS-17 abrasive wheels, which are commonly used for measuring the abrasion resistance of hard organic coatings, were employed as the abrasive media in this test. Fig. By switching from solventbased to water-based phenolic resins, the amount of toxins released during lamination can be reduced". temperature in a process known as ther-mosetting. Although surface porosity of the print base dcor paper might have played a role in respect of ink holdout characteristic in the Latin Walnut paper surface, more information was required to be obtained to verify its effect. 2, the two unprinted dcor papers were different in their base colors due to the application of dissimilar color pigments in the papermaking process. laminate was used in place of aluminum inside airplanes in the. 59(3-4), 173-183. The results of the abrasion resistance performance test of the laminates at 1000 revolutions of the CS-17 abrasive wheels are illustrated in Fig. a "recyclable" plastic. 4 The dry sheet is cut into the desired size and shape. Generally, these inorganic pigments were added in the production process of the print base dcor papers to provide colors that matched the ink pigments used to print each design. 11. Fig. Melamine treaters/coaters, in: European Plastic Laminates Forum, Koln, Germany, pp. 2013; Gorassini et al. FRC: Pulp and Paper Fundamental Research Symposia Proceedings, Distance Education: Online Masters Degree & Individual Courses. 2016). In contrast, the absorption frequency at approximately 1500 cm-1, which appeared in the spectrum of both printed papers, could most likely have been attributed to the stretching vibration of benzene rings in the molecular structure of the organic ink pigments. Lithol red salts: Characterization and deterioration, e-Preservation Science 7, 147-157. I.
Web agency: arsmedia. 2004). Table 8. 2011; Hatam et al. Thus, if you use the Information, you must regularly check to ensure that the Information used still corresponds to the latest information on the Website. 47(2), 139-148. Additionally, it was found that the overall absorption bands revealed in the ATR spectrum of the UF-saturated Latin Walnut paper were remarkably stronger than those observed in the spectrum of the saturated Walnut paper. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of historic paper documents as a preliminary step for chemometrical analysis, in: CMA4CH, Mediterraneum Meeting, Multivariate Analysis and Chemometrics Applied to Environment and Cultural Heritage, Ventotene Island, Italy, pp.
Fig. Each stage was referred to as color station. The surface chemistry characteristics of the unprinted (back) and printed (front) sides of the dcor paper were characterized by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy to identify the differences between their chemical functional groups. 41(5), 769-773. 2001; Manso and Carvalho 2009; Chen et al. Role of promoters in improving adhesion of organic coatings to a substrate, Prog. The main machinery and equipment required for making laminates are listed below.PIL (Paper Impregnation Line). Vikman, K., and Sipi, K. (2003). Arpa will replace the invalid part by clauses that are valid and whose legal consequences, in view of the content and purpose of these Terms of Use, correspond as much as possible to the invalidated part. The brown paper that is going to form the bottom side or base of the laminate is soaked in a bath tub that is filled with Phenolic resin. 2019 Comtrad Strategic Sourcing. After a partial drying for 1 h at room temperature, the top surface was then coated. Toxic emissions emanate from The Formica Corporation is the world's largest Table 3. The FT-IR spectra obtained from the printed dcor papers and their ashes confirmed the presence of an organosilane adhesion promoter in the printing ink formulation and formation of both the open and ring siloxane structures in the printed dcor papers. Marshall, P., and Parent, B. phenolic resins during the laminating process, and acrylic resins and Enzensberger, W. (1961). Production of thermosetting resins according to Arpa's recipe. The authors would like to thank the Aryak Dcor and the Mazandaran Wood & Paper Industries (MWPI) Companies for providing the required materials and facilities and the Department of Textile Engineering at Amirkabir University of Technology for performing Spectroscopy tests. Specifications of the UF Resin Used for the Saturation of the Dcor Paper, Table 4. The effects of the dcor paper properties on the adhesion of MF resin coatings have not yet been exhaustivelyinvestigated (Bardak et al. Decor papers are joined to wooden boards using the latest pressing and laminating systems. 2005), Fig. Kraft: generally brown raw paper with exceptional resilience and resistance features that will build up the core of the high pressure laminates.Quality control of raw materials inbound. According to the pH values of the two dcor papers presented in Table 1, it seemed that an approximate pH difference of 0.5 units (7.0 versus 6.45) resulted in an accelerating effect on the condensation reaction of the UF resin in the Walnut dcor paper and rendered the saturated Walnut paper more brittle than the saturated Latin Walnut paper. 2010). Decorative laminate is commonly used to surface kitchen counters, table This is what bonds the decor paper to the wooden material. By signing up you agree to accept the terms and conditions on privacy, If you like Arpa, follow us on these social networksfacebook linkedin pinterest instagram twitter youtube, Arpa Industriale S.p.A. P.IVA IT02087770042 Company data Legal notice Privacy policy By It should be noted that application of the coating substance to the top and bottom surfaces was followed according to the ratio of 60% to 40% by weight, which is a typical procedure for the coating of UF-saturated paper in the impregnation industry. However, depending on the gravure printing process parameters, such as water-based ink pH and drying temperature, the extent of silanol condensation and final cross-linking can change (Witucki 1993; Gelest Inc. 2006). The prepreg samples were also put into the plastic bags and stored in a refrigerator to keep the volatiles content constant. 51(656), 61-70. manufacturer of plastic laminate. Hiziroglu, S. (1996). heat, water, chemicals, and electric current, thus having the properties ATR FT-IR spectra obtained from the UF-saturated Latin Walnut and Walnut dcor papers. The new absorption bands at 1240 cm-1 due to C-N and N-H stretching, 1530 cm-1 corresponded to C=O stretching in the secondary amide, 1632 cm-1 belonged to N-H bending vibration in the primary amide, and 1379 cm-1 due to C-N stretching of -CH2-N (methylene bridge) were attributed to the chemical structure of the UF resin pre-polymers (Zorba et al. Fig. According to the ATR spectra shown in Fig. engineers worked in this same vein. As presented in Fig. 2005). The press compresses the sandwich of resin-soaked The surface chemistry of gravure printed dcor paper and its effect on the adhesion of melamine formaldehyde (MF) coatings were studied. 19(10), 394-398. This difference between these two printed samples provided the main motivation for the present study. S. 36(1), 95-104. Polym. However, at least one major Gelest Inc. (2006). The band at 1105 cm-1 was observed in the spectra of both papers, which corresponded to the Si-O-C bond stretching in the Si-O-Si open link structure (Jing et al.
Arpa may change these Terms of Use at any time and without further notice. Since 1976, Comtrad has provided end-to-end strategic sourcing and logistics services across a broad spectrum of industries. Pulping Processes, Interscience Publishers, New York, NY. Westinghouse company in Pittsburgh as part of a dream team of scientists Xing, C., Zhang, S. Y., Deng, J., and Wang, S. (2007). Thickness: The thickness of Laminate sheets usually ranged from 0.6 mm to 1.5 mm, and accordingly more layers of paper can be used in the process. (2014).
Plastic laminate was first used as an insulating material for industrial DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2003.05.001. Chapman and Hall, 1991. This is followed by a drying process in which the soaked papers are allowed to dry. The interplay between the paper color and various printing inks enables limitless decorative designs. As presented in Fig. with aldehydes during the thermosetfing process. 2015). Also we have the largest capacity of hydraulic press in India having 24 daylight openings in the following sizes 1220 x 2440 mm, 1300 x 2850 mm, 1300 x 3050 mm, 1860 x 3660 mm & 1860 x 4320. Soc. 21, 775-785. It should be mentioned that the most widely used filler for dcor paper production is titanium dioxide, which provides its opacity, whiteness, durability, and aging resistance (permanency). The utilization of non-updated browsers could cause an imperfect use of the site. Typically, the abraser is equipped with a 250-g weight on each arm (set by default) to determine the abrasion resistance of the melamine surfaced engineered wood composites, such as medium-density fiberboard (MDF), particleboard, and laminate flooring fabricated by the Low Pressure Laminating (LPL) process. Del Hoyo-Melndez, J. M., Gondko, K., Mendys, A., Krl, M., Klisiska-Kopacz, A., Sobczyk, J., and Jaworucka-Drath, A. Techn. Nastova, I., Grupe, O., Mineva-ukarova, B., Kostadinovska, M., and Ozcatal, M. (2015). melamine impregnated paper or decorative foils. A multi-technique approach for detecting and evaluating material inconsistencies in historical banknotes, Forensic Sci. This sanded surface is the one on which carpenters apply adhesive while gluing these laminate sheets over plywood or other base substrate materials. It should be noted that the silicon-containing compounds in the composition of the gravure printed dcor paper can originate from the organosilane compounds, which are widely used as an adhesion promoter additive in the gravure printing ink formulation (Witucki 1993; Sathyanarayana and Yaseen 1995; Guichenuy et al. Therefore, the dcor papers pH can have a crucial effect on the curing of the UF/MF-saturated dcor paper and its subsequent affinity for developing interfacial molecular interactions with MF resin coatings. J. Appl. Manso, M., and Carvalho, M. L. (2009). 103(3), 1566-1569. This is run through a vat of melamine resin.
in Volume II, you have mentioned "However, at least one major manufacturer has taken steps to reduce harmful waste and emissions. The results also suggested that the FT-IR bands at 1061 cm-1 and 1105 cm-1 were frequencies of key importance in identifying the siloxane structures formed in the gravure printed dcor papers. The hot extract pH as a chemical property of the print base dcor paper seemed to play a significant role in the flexibility and surface quality of the UF-saturated dcor paper. The huge hydraulic presses are designed to press a large number of laminate sheets at a single go. Any claim or dispute related to the use of the Website and/or the content of these Terms of Use, including disputes regarding the existence and validity of these Terms of Use, will be submitted exclusively to the competent court in Turin. Chem. Decorative The samples were put in the first oven at 90 C for 1 min, and in the second oven at 125 C for 45 s to obtain the final volatiles of 5.5% to 6.0%.
Decorative plastic laminate itself is not considered In an industrial two-stage impregnation line, as illustrated in Fig. The laminate sheets are made up of three layers: the bottom layer of for final curing. tops, and cabinetry because of its resistance to stains, scratches, and vat containing phenolic resins. Reaction mechanism of amino resins, J.
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